Reverse Osmosis

INTRODUCTION

In September 2008, Pure Aqua successfully manufactured and supplied to a major water treatment company in Dubai UAE, more than 15 units of Commercial Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis (BWRO) Units to produce different capacities between 1,500 GPD to 6, 000 GPD at a maximum 2000 ppm feed water TDS. Reverse osmosis occurs when the water is moved across the membrane against the concentration gradient, from lower concentration to higher concentration. To illustrate, imagine a semi-permeable membrane with fresh water on one side and a concentrated aqueous solution on the other side. If normal osmosis takes place, the fresh water will cross the membrane to dilute the concentrated solution. In reverse osmosis, pressure is exerted on the side with the concentrated solution to force the water molecules across the membrane to the fresh water side. Reverse osmosis is often used in commercial and residential water filtration. It is also one of the methods used to desalinate seawater. Sometimes reverse osmosis is used to purify liquids in which water is an undesirable impurity (e.g., reclaimed waste water, ethanol).

SYSTEM AND PROCESS

The Commercial Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis Water Units were selected from our RO-200 Series, model number RO-1500 and RO-6000 The BWRO Unit consists of TFC spiral wound membranes to have a recovery rate of 60% with an advanced microprocessor control panel.

PERFORMANCE

From a feed TDS of 2,000 mg/L at temperature range of 25 ?C, the system produces from 1.2 to 7gpm of high quality water at less than 100 ppm.

INTRODUCTION

In January 2009, Pure Aqua supplied to a major water treatment company in Croatia 6 Commercial Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis (BWRO) Units to produce 7500gpd at max. feed TDS 1000 PPM.

SYSTEM AND PROCESS

Due to the increased exposure of dialysis patients to water used in the manufacture of dialysis fluid, which originates as drinking water, requires additional treatment to ensure that it meets a more stringent contaminant level content than drinking water. The more stringent levels are embodied in national and international standards that have evolved out of the desire to minimize the complications arising from the use of inappropriate water quality. For water used in the preparation of dialysis fluid, chemical contaminant levels are set lower for three groups of chemical contaminants: contaminants to which exposure is associated with clinical sequel such as aluminum and fluoride, compounds present in the dialysis fluid (e.g. sodium), and trace metals. The dialytic process utilizes high volumes of water in the preparation of the dialysis fluid. Improvements in water treatment or reverse osmosis water equipment have resulted in improvements in chemical quality. Awareness that endotoxin and bacterial fragments present in the water distribution loop within the dialysis, are able to cross the dialyser membrane, has resulted in an increased focus on this aspect of water quality. Practically, the age of many water treatment plants, extensions of distribution systems and suboptimal cleaning procedures have prevented the achievement of optimal microbiological quality on a routine basis. When achieved and maintained, clear benefits to the patient have been demonstrated. The BWRO Unit was selected from our RO-200 Series, model number RO-7500. It includes (5) 4"x40" membrane elements from (Filmtec LP-4040), (5) FRP pressure vessels, SS pump, 5 micron prefilter, pressure regulating valve, low pressure switch, pressure gauges, advanced microprocessor control panel, multi media filter, carbon filter, water softener and post UV and 0.2 micron filter to remove dead bacteria (pyrogen).