Reverse Osmosis

INTRODUCTION

In 2004, Pure Aqua successfully supplied an Industrial Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis (BWRO) system for NVE Pharmaceutical Factory in New Jersey. Two-train brackish water reverse Osmosis system has capacity of 160,000 GPD product water. The complete BWRO system was supplied with pre-chemical dosing system and membrane cleaning skid.

SYSTEM AND PROCESS

Feed water source to the system is well, raw water and TDS is about 1,500 PPM. The system was designed based on high rejection TFC spiral wound membrane with high system recovery, temperature range of 25?C to 34?C. The brackish water reverse osmosis systems were selected from our standard RO-400 series, model number BW-87K-3480, total permeate = 160,000 GPD of high quality industrial water with TDS less than 25 mg/l.

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INTRODUCTION

In 2006, Pure Aqua successfully supplied, to a major heavy machine company, a water treatment package consisting of a Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis System (BWRO) to produce 80gpm of product from 113gpm feed, twin MLF-48A-F multimedia filters, twin ACF-48A-F activated carbon filters, antiscalant chemical dosing, and dechloronation dosing system.

SYSTEM AND PROCESS

Feed water to the system is processed water with raw water TDS of about 4,610 PPM. The system design was based on high rejection TFC spiral wound membranes. The Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis system was selected from our RO-400 Series, model number BW-130K-3680-5. It produces 80gpm of drinking water with TDS less than 100 mg/L.

PERFORMANCE

From a feed TDS of about 4,610 mg/L at temperature range of 15?C to 35?C, the brackish water plant produces 80gpm of drinking water with TDS less than 100mg/L. Since the time of its start-up in October 2006, the plant has been running smoothly with minimal trouble-shooting.

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INTRODUCTION

In December 2006, Pure Aqua successfully supplied to a major power plant in HI, USA, a water treatment package consisting of twin Multi-Media Filters, model: MLF-48A-F-twin, Pretreatment System, Double Pass Reverse Osmosis Unit System, Electrodeionization System (EDI), Storage System, and RO cleaning system.

SYSTEM AND PROCESS

Pre-treatment of the feed water includes filtration using twin multi-media filters to remove sediment down to the 10-20 micron range providing service feed water with a flow rate of 126 GPM at a maximum operational pressure of 100 psi. Filtration using Activated Carbon Filters with Carbon block cartridges removes chlorine, silt, taste, odor and sediment. The use of antiscalant dosing minimizes the precipitation of sparingly soluble sulfate salts (Calcium and Barium Sulfate) and silica oxide. The double pass RO unit comes with a high pressure pump to boost the feed pressure, 5-micron cartridge filter to remove the last traces of suspended solids and reduce the feed water SDI to less than 3. The unit also comes eq uipped with an Advanced Allen Bradley PLC 14? color touch screen control panel, the control panel has an air condition due to the tropical severe weather condition. Electro-deionization removes ions from aqueous streams to achieve a water quality of 18.6 Mega Ohms then the product pump skid takes the product water from the EDI system to a product storage tank. The RO cleaning system is used to clean the membranes in three pressure vessels at a time.

PERFORMANCE

From a feed TDS of about 300 mg/L at temperature range of 27?C, the power plant produces 60gpm of ultra pure water at 18.6 Mega Ohms. Since the time of its start-up in March 2007, the plant has been running smoothly with minimal trouble-shooting.

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INTRODUCTION In January 2007, Pure Aqua successfully supplied an industrial steel tank twin Water Softener Filter and filtration system in the Caribbean.

SYSTEM AND PROCESS Model MLF-42A is selected from our MF-1000 Series industrial media filters. 42"x60" epoxy coated steel tank automatic multimedia filter complete with 2" steel diaphragm valve, 100# operating and media. Model WS54-1500-2.5T is selected from our SF-100S Series steel tank water softeners. 54"x72" steel tank twin water softener complete with 50"x60" brine tank, 50 ft. resin, 2.5" pipe size, steel diaphragm control valves, cast iron face piping, 100# operating, inlet and outlet pressure gauges and sample valve on each unit.

PERFORMANCE From a feed water of about 300 mg/L hardness at a temperature range of 19C and 27C, the softening plant produces 150gpm of softened water with TH less than 2mg/L. Since the time of its start-up in January 2007, the plant has been running smoothly with minimal trouble-shooting. Read More

INTRODUCTION Pure Aqua successfully supplied a skid-mounted Industrial Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis (BWRO) system in 2007. The system produces 100gpm of product at 77°F using (20) 8"x40" Hydranautics ESPA1 membrane elements, (4) 5M FRP pressure vessels, SS multistage pump, microprocessor based controls and a digital conductivity and ORP read out, 460V/3ph/60Hz

SYSTEM AND PROCESS Feed water to the system is from beach-well with raw water TDS of about 1,000 PPM. The system design was based on high rejection TFC spiral wound membranes. The Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis system was selected from our RO-400 Series, model number TW-144K-4580.

PERFORMANCE From a feed TDS of about 1,000 mg/L at a temperature range of 19�C and 27�C, the BWRO skid produces 100gpm of drinking water with TDS less than 50mg/L. Since the time of its start-up in January 2007, the plant has been running smoothly with minimal trouble-shooting. Read More

INTRODUCTION In July 2008, Pure Aqua successfully supplied Industrial Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis (BWRO) system to produce 144,000 GPD of product at 77°F using (20) 8"x40" Hydranautics ESPA1 membrane elements, (4) 5M FRP pressure vessels, SS multistage Grundfos CRN pump, microprocessor based controls and a digital conductivity and ORP read out, 460V/3ph/60Hz.

SYSTEM AND PROCESS Pre-treatment of raw water includes antiscalant dosing to minimize the precipitation of sparingly soluble sulfate salts, sodium bisulfite (SBS) dosing to remove free chlorine in the feed water. The Brackish water Softener Systems Reverse Osmosis system was selected from our RO-400 Series. BWRO unit consists of 5-micron cartridge filters to reduce feed water Silt Density Index (SDI) and to limit the SS to 5-micron size.

PERFORMANCE From a feed TDS of about 1,000 mg/L at a temperature range of 19�C and 27�C, the BWRO skid produces 100gpm of drinking water with TDS less than 50mg/L. Read More

INTRODUCTION As municipalities seek new water sources to augment fresh water supplies, Water Maker reuse and reclamation are gaining in popularity. Reuse is an economic and environmentally sound solution that uses less energy and reduces overall waste compared to the alternative solution, seawater desalination. Low-pressure membranes based processes for water reuse have been proven to meet stringent standards. Their advantages include: a physical barrier to biosolids, pathogens, bacteria and nutrients; the flexibility to handle changing wastewater characteristics and plant capacities; fully automated and simple operation; a significant reduction in footprint and operating costs, delivering the lowest cost per volume treated. Low-pressure membranes are commonly used for post-secondary clarification processes for tertiary filtration, and after biological processes such as membrane bioreactors (MBRs). In September 2008, Pure Aqua successfully manufactured and supplied three Industrial Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis (BWRO) Units for reclaimed water, Dubai, UAE. Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis Units are designed to produce 3 x 2000 m3/day. The complete BWRO Units were supplied with pre and post treatment using advanced PLC control. Pure Aqua, Inc. modular design and the use of fiber reinforced pressure vessels, Grundfos multi stage SS pump, advanced PLC control panel with colored touch panel, make these modular units one of the most compact units in the water treatment industry. The overall reverse osmosis water treatment plant design used a total of 378 reverse osmosis low-pressure membrane elements housed in 54 pressure vessel assemblies. The plant is designed as three identical stand alone operating trains which provide more operating flexibility. Reverse Osmosis also known as hyper filtration, is used to purify water and remove salts and other impurities. It is also capable of rejecting bacteria, sugars, proteins, dyes, and other constituents that have a molecular weight of greater than 150-250 Dalton. A full line of brackish and seawater reverse osmosis can be viewed at our website: www.pure-aqua.com

SYSTEM AND PROCESS Feed water to the system is processed water with raw water TDS about 1250 PPM. The system design was based on high rejection TFC spiral wound low fouling membranes. The Brackish Reverse Osmosis unit consists of 5-micron cartridge filters to reduce feed water Silt Density Index (SDI) and to limit the SS to 5-micron size. It also includes RO membranes feed high pressure pump and TFC spiral wound membranes to reduce the TDS.

PERFORMANCE The RO membranes remove total dissolved solids (TDS), TOC, BOD and COD after MBR. The RO membrane permits the passage of water molecules but is a barrier to most of the ions, viruses and bacteria in the water. Read More

INTRODUCTION

In July 2008, Pure Aqua supplied an industrial brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO) unit for major water treatment company in Tunisia. The capacity of this brackish water reverse osmosis unit is 43,000gpd product water at 4,500ppm feed TDS.

SYSTEM AND PROCESS

The Reverse Osmosis (RO) process uses a high pressure pump to force water through a special membrane which provides pure water and leaves the dissolved impurities to be flushed to waste. The BWRO unit was completed with pre and post treatment: multi-media filter, antiscalant chemical dosing, and post chlorination dosing system. The unit was selected from our RO-400 Series, model number BW-43K-1680-3.It produces 30gpm of drinking water with TDS less than 100 mg/L.

PERFORMANCE

Since the time of its start-up in July 2008, the plants have been running smoothly with minimal trouble-shooting.

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2 Industrial Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis Units Egypt

INTRODUCTION

In December 2008, Pure Aqua successfully supplied two Industrial Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis (BWRO) Units for Coca Cola Company, Egypt. Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis Units or Industrial RO are 634,080 GPD product water. The complete BWRO Units were supplied with pre and post treatment using advanced PLC control, colored touch panel, data acquisition software, and soft starters. Water is one of the cornerstones of the beverage industry and the quality of the raw water can make or break the quality of the beverage. Beverage manufacturers of beverages and bottlers of mineral water will place entirely different requirements on the composition of the raw water that they need. However, whatever the type of beverage you are involved in, the user will require hygienic, perfect water for production or filling. It must not contain anything that will influence smell or taste, cause haze, influence the manufacturing process or leave corrosion deposits in the system or on bottles.

SYSTEM AND PROCESS

Feed water to the system is processed water with raw water TDS about 2451 PPM. The system design was based on high rejection TFC spiral wound low fouling membranes. The Industrial Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis Unit was selected from our RO-500 Series; model number BW-320K-7680-3. It produces 50m3/hr @TDS < 100 ppm from raw water. The Brackish Reverse Osmosis unit consists of 5-micron cartridge filters to reduce feed water Silt Density Index (SDI) and to limit the SS to 5-micron size. It also includes RO membranes feed high pressure CRN Grundfos pump and TFC spiral wound membranes to reduce the TDS.

PERFORMANCE

The RO membranes remove total dissolved solids (TDS) from the source water. The RO membrane permits the passage of water molecules but is a barrier to most of the ions in the water.
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INTRODUCTION

The Industrial Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis Unit was manufactured and supplied by Pure Aqua in January 2008 for a major water treatment company in Dubai. The BWRO Unit is capacity of 90,000GPD product water.

SYSTEM AND PROCESS

Feed water to the system is processed water with raw water TDS of about 2450 PPM. The system design was based on high rejection TFC spiral wound low fouling membranes. The Reverse Osmosis Unit was selected from our RO-400 Series, model number BW-108K-3580. It produces 63 gpm of drinking water with TDS less than 50mg/L. The BWRO Unit consists of 8"x40" Hydranautics ESPA2 membrane elements, Codeline 8" diameter FRP side ported pressure vessels, controlled by microprocessor with digital TDS read out, hi/low tank level switches, hi/low pressure switches, SS multistage pump and inlet shut off valve.

PERFORMANCE

From a feed TDS of about 2,450mg/L at temperature range of 25 ?C, the system produces 90,000gpd of high quality water at less than 50ppm. Since the time of its start-up in January 2008, the plant has been running smoothly with minimal troubleshooting.

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INTRODUCTION

In January 2009, Pure Aqua supplied 2x200m3/day Industrial Sea Water Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) Unit to a major treatment company in Azerbaijan. The complete SWRO Units were completed with advanced PLC, colored touch panel screen, prechlorination, multi media filters, antiscalant dosing, dechlorination dosing, post chlorination, cleaning and flushing system,

SYSTEM AND PROCESS

Feed water to the system is from sea water, TDS of about 25,000 PPM. The SW-52K-4480 Sea Water Reverse Osmosis Units were selected from our SWI Series. Pre-treatment of raw water includes filter feed and backwash pumps, variable frequency drive and all necessary equipment to run the system smoothly. Each of the Seawater Reverse Osmosis Units consists of (2) FRP Protec pressure vessels, (8) 8" TFC spiral wound membranes, 5 micron sediment prefilter. In addition to Danfoss HP Pump which is manufactured from duplex SS2205 stainless steel alloy, Duplex 2205 High pressure piping, powder coated frame skid.

PERFORMANCE

The SW-52K-4480 SWRO Unit was designed to produce 200m3/day, at max. TDS 25,000 ppm. Desalination using Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) membrane technology has become a viable option for the development of new regional water supplies. Pure Aqua is well known in supplying the highest quality RO systems within the water treatment industry, all stainless steel pipes are passivated and electro polished, the skid is sand blasted, primed and fused or powder coated. Pressure vessels and membranes are manufactured in USA.
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The water purification concept has been an age old phenomenon but today's time is different. Gone were the days when water and air were hardly polluted as there were no mechanized processes as utilized today. The scenario changed after the industrial revolution. Factories were set up in huge numbers and the count is increasing by the day. Do you know where these industrial wastes go to? It is water source, especially rivers, lakes, big drains, etc.! The high use of pesticides used in agricultural fields for increased yield of crops also pollutes the ground as well as underground water. But at the same time inventors have also introduced solutions for the same.

The introduction of effective water purifiers Industrial RO for complete purification of water have brought rays of hope. Had there been no water purifier system, there would have been countless deaths everyday owing to water borne diseases. Only a water purification system with modern purifying mechanism like reverse osmosis and other methods can prove effective in purifying the water, making it organically, physically, and microbiologically safe to drink. If you follow the oldest method of purifying water, i.e. boiling, you may still be safe. But as boiling consumes lot of fuel, it does prove expensive in the long run. And if you reside in the city where you use LPG, consuming boiled water may take a toll on your financial health if your income is low.

This is because you will have to boil the water for at least 20 minutes to ensure that it is absolutely purified. It is affordable to install a water purifier system. Most urban homes are installed with RO water purifiers and users are luxuriating in their routine activities, enjoying a healthy life.

There are counted few companies that offer home demonstration of the desired water purifier once you send an enquiry. Some companies that sell water purifiers run their corporate websites and have customer care centres. You can either send an enquiry online or request an order dialing the customer care/helpline number. Trained executives will turn up at your home, test the water and accordingly recommend the right water purification system. RO water purifiers are available in varied price ranges and in different storage capacities. You can opt for the one that suits your budget and preferences. If you have yet not installed a water purifier, install one today! However, before installing a RO water purifier ensure that you get your input water tested for the TDS level and install a RO water purifier only if the TDS level is very High.

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Shubham Reverse Osmosis Units : Shubham packaged single-pass and double pass 4- inch and 8-inch reverse osmosis units Industrial RO are designed for a variety of industrial applications requiring high quality equipment with a fast delivery and competitive price. These pre-engineered, pre-assembled and factory tested units minimize installation and start-up time. With simple utility connections and easy to set up controls, the unit is ready for quick on-line service.

Features : Optimum water quality is produced by the TFC (thin film composite) RO membranes High pressure 316 stainless steel vertical multistage feed pump ASME Code FRP, RO pressure vessels Pressure relief protection PVC low pressure feed, product and reject piping, 316L stainless steel high pressure piping Dry contacts are provided for chemical feed, pretreatment equipment, storage tank levels, and pressure switches All alarm and shut down conditions are indicated on the control panel.

Monitoring devices and instruments are provided. Manufactured with high quality component Equipped with suitable pretreatment User friendly Microprocessor / PLC based electrical control devices Sample valves on the feed for easy water quality testing and to guarantee system performance Benefits : Compact footprint saves valuable floor space Quick equipment delivery keeps project moving fast Clean in place connections maximize system serviceability Comprehensive factory testing performed at our certified factory We design and manufacture the Reverse Osmosis plant according to the need for tap water, brackish water & sea water application.

The production range starts from 100 LPH (Liter per hour) to 100 M3 per hour for 400 TDS to 45,000 TDS. Produce high-quality demineralised water Most modern membrane technology Modular design Low water-rejection rate Low operational and maintenance costs Reverse Osmosis plant are used to produce high-quality demineralised water, especially where the client looks to minimise the use of chemicals which are the regenerants associated with the more conventional demineralised ion exchange process.

RO plant is used extensively in the food and beverage industry (especially the brewing industry), pharmaceutical and the electronics industries. It uses a computerised programme for studying the water chemistry so as to select the most suitable membrane configuration and in order to provide a plant which gives a low water-rejection rate. Further help is provided to the client to make use of, often by further treatment, of the reject water. Range of R O units utilises the most modern membrane technology and consists of a modular design.

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INTRODUCTION

Reverse Osmosis is a pressure driven process that raises the water pressure on the high TDS (source water) side of the membrane to well above the osmotic pressure and forces the water to flow through the membrane to the low TDS (product water) side of the membrane. Reverse Osmosis also known as hyper filtration, is used to purify water and remove salts and other impurities. It is also capable of rejecting bacteria, sugars, proteins, dyes, and other constituents.

SYSTEM AND PROCESS

In August 2008, Pure Aqua supplied Industrial Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis (BWRO) Unit for a major water bottling company in Algeria. The capacity of this Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis Unit is 100,000gpd with TDS less than 120ppm of product water. The Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis Unit was selected from our RO-400 Series. The BWRO consists of FRP Codeline Pressure Vessels, BW30-400 Filmtec 8"x40" TFC Spiral Wound Membranes, SS multi stage CRN Grundfos pump and advanced PLC control panel. The system included all pre and post treatment equipment such as prechlorination dosing, multi media filter, antiscalant dosing, dechlorination dosing, post pH dosing, and post UV sterilizer.

PERFORMANCE

From a feed TDS of about 5,000 mg/L at a temperature range of 19?C and 27?C, the BWRO skid produces 100,000gpd of drinking water with TDS less than 120mg/L. Since the time of its start-up in October 2008, the plant has been running smoothly with minimal trouble-shooting. Pure Aqua is well known in supplying the highest quality RO systems within the water treatment industry, all stainless steel pipes are passivated and electro polished, the skid is sand blasted, primed and fused or powder coated. Pressure vessels and membranes are manufactured in USA.

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INTRODUCTION

Seawater reverse osmosis system was manufactured and supplied by Pure Aqua in March 2008 for a water treatment company in Yemen, the end user is a major shopping mall in Yemen. The total capacity is 40,000gpd of product water used for drinking, cooling tower and irrigation purposes.

SYSTEM AND PROCESS

The SWRO system was completed with advanced PLC control panel, flushing system, and pre & post treatment systems, all skid mounted system. Feed water to the system is from seawater, TDS of about 42,000 PPM. The SWRO system was modified from our SWI Series. The system design was based on high rejection TFC Spiral wound low fouling membranes.

PERFORMANCE

The desalination plant produces 40,000 GPD of drinking water with TDS less than 350 mg/L from feed water with a TDS of about 42,000 mg/L at temperature range of19 to 27?C. Trials concluded that acid injection could be suspended without affecting the operations of the plant. From its initial start-up in Dec 2008, the plant has been running smoothly with minimal trouble-shooting. As a result, the mall has a reliable and steady supply of potable water at a cost far less than shipping water to the site.

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Reverse osmosis is a water purification process used in industrial, medical, and domestic applications. Pressure is used to force water through a semi permeable membrane during reverse osmosis, filtering out impurities and producing clean water. The pure water can be transferred to its desired application, or it can be re-filtered to reach an even higher purity standard.

The Process

The Reverse Osmosis Industrial RO process begins with pre-filtration of the source water. Pre-filtration allows large particulates and contaminants in the water to be easily removed before reaching the membrane used in the RO process. By removing these objects, the membranes in the RO process are spared unnecessary wear and tear, resulting in a much more efficient process. The filters to be used are determined by the source water employed in the RO process. A carbon filter, a green sand filter, and a 5-micron filter are commonly employed.

Chlorine is particularly damaging to the membranes in the RO machine, so it is important to ensure water is properly de-chlorinated before entering the process. The source water is also heated before filtration. The more the water is heated prior to filtration, the higher the output of the RO Unit. Increases of 20degrees in the water temperature can double the RO production.

Once the source water has been filtered, it is ready to move into the RO process. The water is passed through a semi-permeable filter, commonly constructed of polyimide. Polyimide is highly permeable to water, but relatively impermeable to various dissolved impurities, including salt ions and other un-filterable molecules. These properties make it ideal for use in the RO process. The source water moves through the filter due to the high pressure employed by the RO unit. Depending on the size of the unit, the PSI used to transfer water through the filter can range from 30 PSI all the way to 1000 PSI. The extreme high PSI units are often employed in large desalination plants, while the lower range is more suited for small applications and personal units.

After the filtration, pure water is collected and often stored. If the source water is particularly contaminated, or the purified water needs to reach a very exacting standard, it can be re-filtered through the machine an unlimited number of times. While re-filtration will result in increasingly pure water production from the RO unit, it is not always necessary or desirable. Re-filtering the water slows the down the production of the unit, as smaller and smaller contaminants are filtered. If the water is re-filtered too much, efficiency decreases.

When deciding if re-filtration will be necessary, it is important to closely examine the specifications for the filtered water to determine if one pass through the unit will meet the needs of the water, or if multiple filtrations are necessary. Filtering water past specification levels leads to decreasing returns on time and energy necessary to run the unit.

The RO Unit and Maintenance

The RO Unit is a relatively low maintenance piece of equipment. The unit is automated, and does not require an attendant to be near the machine in order to run. Maintenance of the unit is simple. Filters need to be inspected and cleaned regularly, in order to maintain highest levels of production. The machine will continue to run with dirty or clogged filters, but it will not run at maximum efficiency. Filters should be checked on a regular schedule, and often are able to last 2 to 3 months before needing to be cleaned or replaced. A drop in pressure at any point in the RO process is often a sign of a clogged filter.

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If you have a home aquarium, chances are you already have several filtration units taking care of the water. A UV sterilizers is a good addition to an aquarium, although it should be the last stage of the filtration process. It's important that aquarium water passes through the mechanical filter before moving through the UV unit. The mechanical or canister filter removes solids so that any water that passes through the UV unit afterwards is cleaned with optimal results.

UV sterilizers continue to work well as long as the bulb wattage is sufficient and the bulb isn't too old. The efficiency of the device also depends on the cleanliness of the quartz sleeve and the flow rate of the unit.

The Bulb

As time goes by UV the bulb will start to lose its effectiveness, which is why you should replace it every 6 months. You can purchase bulbs between 8 watts and 130 watts - a higher wattage does a better job at cleaning the water. Devices with a lower wattage bulb require a lower flow rate to work well.

Flow Rate

The flow rate is also an important factor to consider - a slower flow rate is more effective at killing parasites, in addition to algae and bacteria. The flow rate is measured in either gallons per hour or liters per hour. A device with a 15-watt bulb has no problem controlling algae and bacteria at a 120 gph flow, but it won't kill parasites unless the flow rate drops to 75 gph.

Clean the Quartz

The quartz sleeve is located where the UV bulb fits into the device. A lot of people forget about this part of the UV sterilizer and fail to give it a good cleaning every once in a while. Cleaning removes buildup and ensures that the UV sterilizer continues to work at top capacity. More expensive sterilizers are designed with a wiper handle positioned outside of the device for fast and easy cleaning of the sleeve, without having to take everything apart.

Luckily, it's easy to find UV sterilizers these days, in local stores and online. These devices make a wonderful addition to any aquarium, but they come with a hefty price tag, especially when you factor in the cost of replacement bulbs.

Saltwater aquarium enthusiasts are more likely to purchase UV sterilizers because they improve the quality of the water and offer another layer of protection for expensive saltwater fish.

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INTRODUCTION

In September 2008, Pure Aqua successfully manufactured and supplied to a major water treatment company in Dubai UAE, more than 15 units of Commercial Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis (BWRO) Units to produce different capacities between 1,500 GPD to 6, 000 GPD at a maximum 2000 ppm feed water TDS. Reverse osmosis occurs when the water is moved across the membrane against the concentration gradient, from lower concentration to higher concentration. To illustrate, imagine a semi-permeable membrane with fresh water on one side and a concentrated aqueous solution on the other side. If normal osmosis takes place, the fresh water will cross the membrane to dilute the concentrated solution. In reverse osmosis, pressure is exerted on the side with the concentrated solution to force the water molecules across the membrane to the fresh water side. Reverse osmosis is often used in commercial and residential water filtration. It is also one of the methods used to desalinate seawater. Sometimes reverse osmosis is used to purify liquids in which water is an undesirable impurity (e.g., reclaimed waste water, ethanol).

SYSTEM AND PROCESS

The Commercial Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis Water Units were selected from our RO-200 Series, model number RO-1500 and RO-6000 The BWRO Unit consists of TFC spiral wound membranes to have a recovery rate of 60% with an advanced microprocessor control panel.

PERFORMANCE

From a feed TDS of 2,000 mg/L at temperature range of 25 ?C, the system produces from 1.2 to 7gpm of high quality water at less than 100 ppm.

INTRODUCTION

In January 2009, Pure Aqua supplied to a major water treatment company in Croatia 6 Commercial Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis (BWRO) Units to produce 7500gpd at max. feed TDS 1000 PPM.

SYSTEM AND PROCESS

Due to the increased exposure of dialysis patients to water used in the manufacture of dialysis fluid, which originates as drinking water, requires additional treatment to ensure that it meets a more stringent contaminant level content than drinking water. The more stringent levels are embodied in national and international standards that have evolved out of the desire to minimize the complications arising from the use of inappropriate water quality. For water used in the preparation of dialysis fluid, chemical contaminant levels are set lower for three groups of chemical contaminants: contaminants to which exposure is associated with clinical sequel such as aluminum and fluoride, compounds present in the dialysis fluid (e.g. sodium), and trace metals. The dialytic process utilizes high volumes of water in the preparation of the dialysis fluid. Improvements in water treatment or reverse osmosis water equipment have resulted in improvements in chemical quality. Awareness that endotoxin and bacterial fragments present in the water distribution loop within the dialysis, are able to cross the dialyser membrane, has resulted in an increased focus on this aspect of water quality. Practically, the age of many water treatment plants, extensions of distribution systems and suboptimal cleaning procedures have prevented the achievement of optimal microbiological quality on a routine basis. When achieved and maintained, clear benefits to the patient have been demonstrated. The BWRO Unit was selected from our RO-200 Series, model number RO-7500. It includes (5) 4"x40" membrane elements from (Filmtec LP-4040), (5) FRP pressure vessels, SS pump, 5 micron prefilter, pressure regulating valve, low pressure switch, pressure gauges, advanced microprocessor control panel, multi media filter, carbon filter, water softener and post UV and 0.2 micron filter to remove dead bacteria (pyrogen).